A Comparison Of Machiavelli And Hobbes Politics Essay

A Comparison Of Machiavelli And Hobbes Politics Essay Machiavelli and Hobbes were the most important political philosophers of early modernity. Politically, modernitys earliest phase starts with  Niccolà ³ Machiavellis works which openly rejected the medieval and Aristotelian style of analyzing politics by comparison ideas about how things should be, in favor of realistic analysis of how things really are. He also proposed that an aim of politics is to control one’s own chance or fortune, and that relying upon providence actually leads to evil. Machiavelli argued, for example, that violent divisions within political communities are unavoidable, but can also be a source of strength which law-makers and leaders should account for and even encourage in some ways.   [ 1 ]    Machiavelli’s recommendations were sometimes influential upon kings and princes, but eventually came to be seen as favoring free republics over monarchies. Machiavelli in turn influenced  Francis Bacon,  Marchamont Needham,  Harrington,  Jo hn Milton,  David Hume, and many others.   [ 2 ]    Important modern political doctrines which stem from the new Machiavellian realism include  Mandeville’s influential proposal that â€Å"Private Vices by the dexterous Management of a skilful Politician may be turned into Public Benefits† (the last sentence of his  Fable of the Bees), and also the doctrine of a constitutional â€Å"separation of powers† in government, first clearly proposed by  Montesquieu. Both these principles are enshrined within the  constitutions  of most  modern democracies. It has been observed that while Machiavelli’s realism saw a value to war and political violence, his lasting influence has been â€Å"tamed† so that useful conflict was deliberately converted as much as possible to formalized political struggles and the economic â€Å"conflict† encouraged between free, private enterprises.   [ 3 ]    As I said in the first paragraph of this e ssay I will start with  Thomas Hobbes, attempts were made to use the methods of the new modern physical sciences, as proposed by  Bacon  and  Descartes, applied to humanity and politics. Notable attempts to improve upon the methodological approach of Hobbes include those of  Locke,  Spinoza,  Giambattista Vico  and Rousseau.  David Hume  made what he considered to be the first proper attempt at trying to apply Bacon’s scientific method to political subjects, rejecting some aspects of the approach of Hobbes.   [ 4 ]    Modernist republicanism openly influenced the foundation of republics during the  Dutch Revolt  (1568-1609),  English Civil War  (1642-1651),  American Revolution  (1775-1783) and the  French Revolution  (1789-1799 A second phase of modernist political thinking begins with Rousseau, who questioned the natural rationality and sociality of humanity and proposed that  human nature  was much more malleable than had been pr eviously thought. By this logic, what makes a good political system or a good man is completely dependent upon the chance path whole person has taken over history. This thought influenced the political (and aesthetic) thinking of  Immanuel Kant,  Edmund Burke  and others and led to a critical review of modernist politics. On the conservative side, Burke argued that this understanding encouraged caution and avoidance of radical change. However more ambitious movements also developed from this insight into human  culture, initially  Romanticism  and  Historicism, and eventually both the  Communism  of  Karl Marx, and the modern forms of  nationalism  inspired by the  French Revolution, including, in one extreme, the German  Nazi  movement.

Porters generic strategies for Glaxo Smith Kline Essay

Porters generic strategies for Glaxo Smith Kline - Essay Example With a higher value, consumers will most likely be ready to pay an extra price, giving the firm a competitive advantage over other firms. Porter also identified the focus strategy whereby a firm concentrates on a particular segment in the market whereby it may have an advantage in regard to the cost or differentiation of products (Porter, 1998). This paper presents the application of Porter’s generic strategies in GlaxoSmithKline, which is a pharmaceutical company offering a variety of products for treatment of various diseases. Differentiation strategy is highlighted as the mostly commonly used strategy, although the organization uses the cost leadership strategy. The differentiation and cost leadership strategies are applied by the organization to maintain its competitiveness. The organization is usually involved in market research to ensure that it satisfies a wide range of consumers with various illnesses such as; asthma, diabetes, cancer and heart problems among many other pharmaceutical products that are essential for severe ailments. The firm also produces vaccines that are essential for protecting healthy people from severe diseases such as hepatitis and tetanus among others. Consumers are also provided with healthcare products that they can readily access from the shops for their day to day uses. These include painkillers such as panadol and hygienic products such as aquafresh tooth paste. Lucozade is also an energy drink that is used globally (Chandon, 2004). The differentiation strategy of GlaxoSmithKline significantly helps in maintaining profitability in the highly competitive pharmaceutical industry. The firm’s products are of unique quality and consumers attach a high value to them. This is mainly as a result of the perception that the firm possesses the capacity of offering most of the highly needed pharmaceutical products. The highly

Healing Myth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healing Myth - Essay Example She spent five years stuck in tortuous dread, trying to outrun destruction, war, starvation and the ultimate commitment of an individual, the death. She challenged inhuman evil acts as if they were kindergarten toys. According to me the turning point in the story can be found when children’s mother turns them out of the home. She whispers to the children and Loung writes (2006) â€Å"If we stay together, we will die together, but if they cannot find us, they cannot kill us† (p.121). She instructs them to separate, â€Å"walk until you come to a work camp, tell them you are orphans, and change your name† (p.122). Loung stubbornly refuses to go so â€Å"Ma says sternly. ‘Your Pa is gone now, and I just cannot take care of you kids. I don’t want you here! You are too much work for me! I want you to leave!† (p.122).As the wife of a high ranking government official, her strategy was right and the children were saved but she lost sight of the human angle at that moment. That was a peculiar situation and in the situations they were placed in neither mother nor the children could be blamed. The wise saying goes that desperate situations need desperate remedies. In such a grim situation thinking power gets engulfed in confusion and no accurate decision is possible. It is wrong to conclude that the mother does not love her children. The reality is she visualizes absolute danger for their lives if they continue to stay in the house together and as such she wants them to leave hoping that destiny would favor w them with good luck if they move out of the house and seek shelter elsewhere. Loung’s position is also to be pitied. Her resentment towards her mother is perfect as children look forward for protection from their parents and family members when it is a question of life or death. What is their plan of escape and where will they hide? Neither the